The
épuration légale (French "legal purge") was the wave of official trials that followed the
Liberation of France and the fall of the
Vichy Regime. The trials were largely conducted from 1944 to 1949, with subsequent legal action continuing for decades afterward.
Unlike the
Nuremberg Trials, the
épuration légale was conducted as a domestic French affair. Approximately 300,000 cases were investigated, reaching into the highest levels of the
collaborationist Vichy government. More than half were closed without indictment. From 1944 to 1951, official courts in France sentenced 6,763 people to death (3,910 in absentia) for
treason and other offenses. Only 791 executions were actually carried out, including those of
Pierre Laval,
Joseph Darnand, and the journalist
Robert Brasillach; far more common was "
national degradation" — a loss of civil rights, which was meted out to 49,723 people.
[1]
Immediately following the liberation, France was swept by a wave of executions, public humiliations, assaults and detentions of suspected collaborators, known as the
épuration sauvage (wild purge).
[2] This period succeeded the
German occupational administration but preceded the authority of the
French Provisional Government, and consequently lacked any form of institutional justice.
[2] Reliable statistics of the death toll do not exist. At the low end, one estimate is that approximately 10,500 were executed, before and after liberation. "The courts of Justice pronounced about 6,760 death sentences, 3,910 in absentia and 2,853 in the presence of the accused. Of these 2,853, 73 percent were commuted by de Gaulle, and 767 carried out. In addition, about 770 executions were ordered by the military tribunals. Thus the total number of people executed before and after the Liberation was approximately 10,500, including those killed in the épuration sauvage",
[2] notably including members and leaders of the
milices. US forces put the number of "
summary executions" following liberation at 80,000. The French Minister of the Interior in March 1945 claimed that the number executed was 105,000.
[3]