Among his touchstones was an
attempted coup from 63 BC. At that point, ancient Rome was in the throes of crisis, with its trade economy stalling, an ongoing struggle to hold together its vast republic, and debt for rich and poor alike skyrocketing. An insurrectionist named Catiline plotted to assassinate a number of political leaders and spark a dozen fires around the city, destabilizing it to the point of anarchy. After chaos, Catiline would build a new society, erasing all debts from the previous one. But his scheme was exposed and thwarted by the Roman statesman and orator Cicero.
“I considered many possibilities, becoming interested in an incident known as ‘The Catiline Conspiracy,’” Coppola says, explaining that “modern America was the historical counterpart of ancient Rome and that the Catiline Conspiracy, as told by historian Sallust, could be set in modern America, just as Joseph Conrad’s
Heart of Darkness [originally set in the late 1800s amid European colonial rule in Africa] was set in the Vietnam War in
Apocalypse Now.”
His next step was to remake some of those figures from history into fictional versions of modern civic leaders. “I began with the essence of a plot: Perhaps an evil patrician (Catiline) plotted to overthrow the republic, but was thwarted by Cicero, the consul. I renamed Catiline to Cesar as suggested by
Mary Beard, because in Suetonius’s version young Julius Caesar was very much in cahoots with Catiline, and Cesar would be more familiar to audiences than Sergius (which was historical Catiline’s name).”
Coppola also decided to take a revisionist view of this age-old accepted history. “I wondered whether the traditional portrayal of Catiline as ‘evil’ and Cicero as ‘good’ was necessarily true,” the director says. “In history, Catiline lost and was killed and Cicero survived. But since the survivor tells the story, I wondered, what if what Catiline had in mind for his new society was a realignment of those in power, and could it have even been ‘visionary’ and ‘good,’ while Cicero perhaps could have been ‘reactionary’ and ‘bad.’”
The director then transposed this plot from antiquity to the near-present day. “The story would take place in a somewhat stylized New York City, portrayed as the center of the power of the world, and Cicero would be the mayor during a time of great financial upheaval, such as the financial
crisis under former Mayor Dinkins [who led the city from 1990 to 1993.] Cesar, in turn, would be a master builder, a great architect, designer, and scientist combining elements of
Robert Moses, as portrayed in the brilliant biography
The Power Broker, with architects like Frank Lloyd Wright, Raymond Loewy, Norman Bel Geddes, or Walter Gropius.”