“Dogs Are Being Horribly Abused” : Animal Rights Advocates Express Outrage At Chinese Study Which Mutilated Female Dogs To Create “Neo-Phalluses” - Did someone order "manmade horrors beyond my comprehension"?

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CONTENT NOTICE: This article contains graphic descriptions of animal experimentation and mistreatment. Reader discretion is appreciated.

A disturbing study by Chinese cosmetic researchers is prompting outrage on social media after it was discovered that surgeons constructed “neo-phalluses” on live female dogs. The study, which was originally published in 2018, mutilated the canine’s genitals for the purposes of exploring a new method of penile construction.

Of the six authors attributed to the paper, five are from the Plastic Surgery Hospital at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing, while the sixth is associated with the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University in Xiamen.

The study sought to explore a method of surgically constructing a functioning penis on a female or a male who had experienced penile loss which did not require a prosthetic.

“Prosthesis-assisted penile reconstruction has been performed extensively to restore a cosmetically acceptable phallus. However, a large number of patients will undergo revision surgery for various prosthesis-related complications,” the introduction reads.

“As the number of patients with penile loss or gender dysphoria continues to increase, the demand for anatomic, functional, and esthetic penile reconstruction is rising.”

In order to investigate how to best craft erectile tissue on a female body, the researchers utilized 10 human cadavers, 4 of which were male, and 6 of which were female. The average age of the deceased was 58 years old.

After attempting their medical strategies using the tissue and muscle of the human cadavers, the researchers moved on to apply their techniques on 11 living mixed-breed female dogs.

Following the surgery, the dogs were fit with a “large-sized Elizabethan collar to prevent the animal from biting and licking the surgical site,” with researchers noting that the canines began self-biting after being fitted with the surgically-constructed penis.

While one of the dogs died immediately after the surgery, all of the animals were euthanized after being assessed for 7 months, with their “neo-phalli” then being harvested for further examination.

A link to the study, which was published in a journal affiliated with the International Society for Sexual Medicine, first began circulating on social media yesterday, prompting unease from those concerned with women’s rights and the safety of animals.

One user, Diana Alastair, tagged People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), demanding a response on the horrific animal experimentation.

“You protest against milking cows, how about protesting against something truly horrible?”

“They experimented on female dogs in the name in gender ideology and trans ‘health care.’ They butchered them and sewed on fake penises. Another horror in the miles long ever expanding list of horrors to come out of this madness,” women’s rights advocate Aja commented, sharing some of the disturbing photos from the paper.

This is not the first time gender-bending research out of China has stirred international backlash, with the last incident occurring in 2021 over a study that saw male rats be impregnated.

Scientists from the Naval Medical University in Shanghai published a paper revealing they had implanted a uterus in a male rat, and then conjoined it to a female rat in order for the two to share a circulatory system. The male rat was then implanted with an embryo, and lived surgically attached to the female rat for 21 days.

At the time, PETA’s Senior Science Policy Advisor, Emily McIvor, called the study “frankenscience” and “vile,” condemning it for its obvious cruelty.
 
Here is an archive of the study mentioned in the Tweet shown in this article.

Abstract​

Introduction
Prosthesis-assisted penile reconstruction has been performed extensively to restore a cosmetically acceptable phallus. However, a large number of patients will undergo revision surgery for various prosthesis-related complications.

Aim
To develop a 1-stage prosthesis-free dynamic cavernosa reconstruction method using bilateral innervated gracilis muscles and to investigate the feasibility and reliability of the surgical design.

Methods
10 fresh cadavers were dissected to assess the availability of bilateral gracilis muscles for functional cavernosa rebuilding. 11 mongrel female dogs were involved in the penile reconstruction surgery. The neophallus consisted of bilateral gracilis muscles as the neo-cavernosa, a right gracilis skin flap as the neourethra, and a lower abdominal flap with an anterior rectus sheath as the skin envelope and neo-tunica albuginea. The function and structure of the neo-phalli were assessed 7 months postoperatively.

Main Outcome Measures
The neurovascular pedicle length of the gracilis muscles and the volume of the gracilis venter musculi were measured in the cadaveric investigation. The average dimensions of the canine neo-phalli at rest and during electrostimulated erection were obtained and the muscular fatigue-resistant curve was drawn. Histologic evaluations also were performed.

Results
The neurovascular pedicle length and volume of the gracilis muscles were sufficient to yield a nearly normal appearance of the neo-cavernosa in the cadaveric and animal studies. The muscular fatigue-resistant curve demonstrated adequate length, stiffness, and duration of erection of the neo-phalli to accomplish normal coitus. Histologic evaluations showed an intact neourethra and nearly normal muscle structure in the inner layer of the canine neo-cavernosa, except for significantly increased amount of collagen fibers and type I/III collagen ratio in the outer layer of the neo-cavernosa. The percentage of type II (fatigue-prone) muscle fibers did not change significantly.

Conclusion
Our preclinical investigation proves that corpora cavernosa reconstruction using bilateral innervated gracilis muscles is technically feasible and functionally efficacious.

Keywords: Penile Reconstruction, Corpora Cavernosa Reconstruction, Erectile Function, Gracilis Muscle, Preclinical Study
Issue Section:
Basic Science

Cadaveric Study and Dissection Techniques​

The cadaveric study was approved by the ethics committee of the Plastic Surgery Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). 10 fresh cadavers were dissected at the Laboratory of Anatomy at the Peking Union Medical College (Beijing, China) from February 2014 through June 2015. The average age of the 4 male and 6 female cadavers was 58.0 years (range = 38–73 years).

Dissections were performed to determine the feasibility and reliability of the novel cavernosa reconstruction design. The gracilis muscles and their vessels and nerve pedicles were dissected and measured to assess the availability for functional cavernosa rebuilding. The reconstructed penis consisted of bilateral gracilis muscles as the neo-cavernosa and a unilateral island pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap with part of the fascia lata as the skin envelope and neo-tunica albuginea (Figure 1. Bilateral subcutaneous tunnels at the groin area were dissected, through which the muscles and skin flap were transferred to the pubic symphysis to fashion the neophallus. All findings were documented by digital photography.

Figure 1

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Design of the dynamic corpora cavernosa reconstruction in the cadaveric study. Panel A shows the intraoperative design. The reconstructed penis consisted of bilateral gracilis muscles (triangles) as the neo-cavernosa and a unilateral island pedicled anterolateral thigh flap (rhombus) with part of the fascia lata (star) as the skin envelope and neo-tunica albuginea. Panel B show the postoperative outcome.

Animal Care​

All animal care and experimental protocols were approved by the ethics committee of the Plastic Surgery Hospital at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 11 mongrel female dogs (11–13 months old, weight = 17.4 ± 2.2 kg) were maintained on a commercial paste diet, given deionized water ad libitum, and kept in cages in a 20 ± 2°C room at 40% to 60% relative humidity with a natural light-dark cycle.

All animals were subjected to penile reconstruction surgery according to the following surgical procedures. Intravenous access was established preoperatively for saline infusion to maintain fluid balance. Penicillin at a dose of 40,000 IU was given intramuscularly before surgery and the antibiotic was administrated at the same dose once a day for 5 days postoperatively. Each dog after surgery was equipped with a large-sized Elizabethan collar to prevent the animal from biting and licking the surgical site. The animals were examined daily within 2 weeks after surgery until the wound healed completely. Postoperative complications, such as incision dehiscence and self-bite, were managed immediately once observed.

Surgical Procedures​

The surgical procedures of the animal study were designed based on the result of the cadaveric study. The animals were generally anesthetized with a compound mixture of ketamine, fentanyl, and haloperidol (0.08 mL/kg, intramuscularly). The incisions were made at the proximal and distal sites of the inner thigh, respectively, leaving the skin at the middle site intact. Bilateral gracilis muscles were dissected from distal to proximal insertions, and the neurovascular pedicles were preserved. The distal parts of the muscles were harvested as self-control biopsy specimens. Then, the gracilis muscles were transferred to the pubic area through subcutaneous tunnels, and the proximal ends were anchored to the pubic symphysis. The neourethra was fashioned by rolling the right gracilis skin flap around a catheter. For the skin envelope and neo-tunica albuginea, we initially failed using the ALT flap and part of the fascia lata as described in the cadaveric study. The reason was that neither the vascular pedicle length nor the flap size of the canine ALT flap was sufficient for the neo-phallic skin envelope, which is probably due to the dramatically smaller thigh-to-body length ratio in dogs compared with humans. Therefore, the lower abdominal flap and the anterior rectus sheath were used to wrap the gracilis muscles and the neourethra to form the neophallus (Figure 2).

Figure 2

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Design of the dynamic corpora cavernosa reconstruction in canine models. Panel A shows the preoperative design. Panel B shows the intraoperative procedures. The neourethra was fashioned by rolling the right gracilis skin flap around a catheter. The neophallus was formed by wrapping the gracilis muscles (triangles) and the neourethra (arrow) with a lower abdominal flap (rhombus) and the anterior rectus sheath (star). Panel C shows postoperative outcome.

Evaluation of Erectile Function of the Neo-Phalli​

The morphology of the neo-phalli was observed 7 months postoperatively. Then, the dogs were reanesthetized using the same method described earlier. A 5-cm incision was made at the inguinal region and the anterior branch of the obturator nerve was dissected and exposed for the electrostimulation erection test. The length, diameter, and stiffness of the reconstructed penises were measured at rest and at tetanically contractile erection by electrostimulation of the motor nerves in the bilateral gracilis muscles. Stiffness was assessed according to a 4-point scale9: score 1 = nearly no hardness; score 2 = moderate hardness but cannot complete sexual intercourse; score 3 = sufficient hardness to complete sexual intercourse but less than normal; score 4 = hardness equal to normal. The muscular fatigue-resistant curve was obtained by recording the measurements of the parameters every 5 minutes during 1 hour of continuous electrostimulation (3.0 V, 30 Hz, 0.2 ms).

Histologic Analyses​

The animals were euthanized immediately after the neo-cavernosa function assessment. The neo-phalli were harvested en bloc as the neo-cavernosa group, and biopsy specimens of the gracilis muscles in the previous operation were collected as the self-control group. Tissues were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin for paraffin embedding. Paraffin-embedded specimens were sectioned at 5 μm. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to clarify the histologic structure of the neophallus.

Then, the paraffin-embedded sections were stained by a Masson trichrome stain kit (NJJC Bio, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The analysis was conducted in the outer layer and inner layer, respectively. The outer layer was defined as the 1-cm-thick superficial layer, and the inner layer was located below the outer layer. 5 slides of each specimen at the intermediate portion were selected and 5 visual fields (magnification = 100×) of each layer were scanned under light microscopy. The collagenous material was stained blue and the muscle was stained red. The collagen/muscle ratio was calculated by Image Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA), which was defined as (number of blue pixels/number of red pixels) × 100%. The mean of 50 scans per specimen was calculated for further statistical evaluation.

Picrosirius red staining also was conducted using a specialized kit (NJJC Bio), which was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. 50 visual fields (magnification = 400×) of each specimen were selected as described earlier under polarized light microscopy. Type I collagen was stained yellow and red and type III was stained green. The collagen type I/III ratio was calculated by the same software, and the ratio was defined as (number of yellow and red pixels/number of green pixels) × 100%. The mean of 25 scans was calculated for further statistical evaluation.

Tissue sections were immunostained by anti–MY-32 antibody to detect the amount of type II (fatigue-prone) muscle fibers using streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical staining kits (NJJC Bio). Briefly, after a dewaxing and antigen retrieval procedure, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2 at room temperature for 10 minutes. The slides were incubated with 10% normal goat serum for 10 minutes and then with anti–MY-32 mouse monoclonal antibody (diluted 1:200; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) at 4°C overnight. Then, the sections were incubated with a secondary antibody for 10 minutes, and the reaction was visualized with the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine complex followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase and streptavidin. A single pathologist who was unaware of the corresponding data assessed the results. The percentage of positive muscle fibers per visual field (200×) was counted, and the average value of the 25 percentage counts of each specimen was calculated for further statistical evaluation.

Statistical Analysis​

Normality of the data in the cadaver dissection and the animal experiment was detected by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Unpaired t-test was used for the comparison of neophallus measurements and immunostaining results. 1-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc analysis were applied to assess the significance of the distinction of the Masson trichrome and picrosirius red staining results. Significance was assumed with a P value less than .05.
 
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