There's no way he visited a specialist about his voice. It seems fairly clear his family doctor (if he even actually went) is suspicious of nodules but there's no way a family doctor could positively diagnose them. Of course, Chance is being dramatic; he's not going to permanently lose his voice from any non-cancerous vocal cord pathology. He might get permanently hoarse, but his voice won't completely go away.
He also talked about voice therapy, which is laughable. Most therapists will really want him to have laryngoscopy before working with him. It involves running an endoscope through his nose and into his upper throat area to look at his vocal cords. It's about as unpleasant as it sounds. Then, if nodules are identified, the next step is serious vocal rest to try to reduce the nodules.
If the nodules do shrink over weeks to months and the voice improves, THEN voice therapy can happen to try to prevent recurrence. Of course, therapy is not easy and involves tons of daily practice aimed at changing how a person produces their voice. If vocal rest is not successful in reducing the nodules, they can be surgically removed. Penn had the surgery. They might be able to find an ENT who is willing to skip the rest/therapy part, but he'd still have to have laryngoscopy to prove the presence of the nodules.
There's just no way any of this is going to happen with Chance. He's probably going to take a break from singing and maybe yell a little less at trolls, his voice will improve either from reduction in any present edema or reduction of nodules, and before you know it, "Damn! It's good to be back!”
He will be more susceptible to reoccurrence in the future if his hoarseness is from nodules. If it's just edema, he could get back to normal.