C++ has changed a lot over the years.
C++ is a bloated aging whore that shouldn't be used for anything anywhere by anyone ever.
Ok maybe that's a bit harsh, but it has massive problems. It's meant to be a 0 cost abstractions language and yet it's not at all hard to accidentally use the not 0 cost features and end up with a large performance reduction (like in the benchmark you linked, they implemented the scene data structure sub-optimally and lose 30% for it). It has so many redundant features that no program wants to use them all and each project uses a different subset so there's no real language identity and things often end up a mess. Unless you want to use a specific game engine or something steer clear in 2019 imo.
when do you get to call yourself a Senior Developer on your CV / Linkdin?
Whenever you like. If you want to be safe wait until you get a role where that's your actual job title. A lot of smaller companies will basically let you have whatever job title you like it you ask nicely. Try not to bite off more than you can chew though. Senior devs are expected to be good at management and communication, not just programming.
OK then. Good luck with rewriting all operating systems and drivers!
Yep, it's not going to happen anytime soon. People are jumping on the "everything is going to be rewritten in memory safe languages" bandwagon but I'm guessing they don't remember the last 6 times that bandwagon failed to go anywhere and everyone got off it. We've had languages (e.g. Ada) that are significantly more safe than Rust and Go since the 80's. We've had languages (i.e. Java) that have been way more popular and still we haven't seen adoption for even basic tools. It's not that the problem is impossible, it's that there just isn't a good fit and most people far prefer to write new stuff than rewrite old stuff.
The only hot new thing that's remotely suitable for a ground up rewrite atm is Rust. It's systems programming so you want an imperative language. That's far and away the tool of choice for the domain and it's why despite it being so much easier to formally verify a functional language it's still far more common for verified systems to be in C or Ada. We already have verified kernels as well mind (e.g. L4).
Rust as a language is fine. The compiler is complete shit. It can't even compile itself on 32bit machines because it exhausts the address space and even when it does have the memory it takes an age. The Rust fanboys always like to trot out the "But it does so much extra work!" This is idiocy from people with no understanding of the workings of modern compilers. Compilers need to transform the program into SSA/CPS anyway for optimization reasons and once you've done that the memory safety checks aren't that difficult. The problem is less with Rust itself and more with LLVM. That's what you get for using C++ kids. It's completely unusable for a serious OS project, can't compile itself on 32bit is not ok. The good news side of this is that it's a fixable problem.
2038, if they sort out the compiler problems, is the best hope to see real widespread adoption of this stuff and even then it's optimistic. To quote Theo, peace be upon him, "For gods sake, the simplest of concepts like the stack protector took nearly 10 years for adoption, let people should switch languages? DELUSION."
Y'know who Rob Pike had in mind for his target market of idiots?
Yeah we've seen this a lot. Java had similar ideas. I hate to say it but it works. Nobody thinks of themselves as the idiot programmer but these languages often end up being very popular and I can't deny it's true that most programmers are googling idiots.
Some days I hate that I live in this world.