The impact of these broadcasts have been called into question, specifically on whether they caused or were in some way responsible for a rise in radical antisemitic hatred post-war. The historian Joel Beinin questions the conclusions of Jeffrey Herf – author of Nazi Propaganda in the Arab World – stating that there were few radios in the Arab World, most owned by Jews or Allied troops.[79] For example, Herf argues that Sayyid Qutb, an Islamist who is commonly attributed to be an inspiration for radical Islam, could have been radicalized by listening to Nazi propaganda during this time in Egypt during the war. Beinin disagrees, arguing that evidence for Qutb's antisemitism and increasing radicalism does not exists until – at earliest – 1948, the beginning of the Arab-Israeli conflict; therefore Herf's suggestion of a Nazi inspired Qutb is simply conjecture.[80]