CMMG's 22lr BCG conversion system
Depends on the rifle, friend of mine couldn't get it to run right on his.
man this is an entire topic in itself.
so, key concepts: .22LR is slightly smaller (.223 bullet diameter) than .223 Remington or 5.56mm NATO (.224 diameter). so conversions for the AR-15 is very straight forward, and "training" conversions for military rifles have a very long and storied history in many countries. because there is a bit of gas "leak" when fired, and because rimfire ammunition tends to be both cheaply made (dirty and/or unreliable), there can be significant issues when using a rimfire conversion - even ones that are pretty much dedicated firearms in their own right (Glock 44 for example has been really hit or miss and i've stopped recommending them as a plinker/trainer after having dozens of issues spanning a year or so of selling them).
because there isn't enough pressure from a .22LR to drive most gas systems, or even most locked breach firearms, a lot of .22LR is recoil driven in some way. in the AR-15 conversions this often results in excessive fouling of the gas system because hot, high pressure gas isn't blasting it clean after each shot. because of no gas system, a self-contained specialized bolt carrier group replacement that includes a short chamber adapter mounted to a short recoil action and rail system with action spring, typically with a magazine adapter/insert or special magazine is pretty much the entire "conversion".
due to the inconsistency of ammunition, these systems can be unreliable and are often tuned to a specific ammunition type or SKU. the major players are:
1. the old military conversions, like the M261 system used by the US Air Force and US Army (and these differ from each other slightly) which is profiled for M16's and will work in most AR-15's, but is very specific - you typically cannot mix and match magazines and the ammunition is limited to 1050 fps velocity with a bullet length 0.460-0.465" which is for the 1:12 twist of the M16/M16A1... it will work with other twists and bullet lengths, but you might need to get picky with bullet mass then, like 40gr HP or 36gr plated RN. unlike some kits or rifles, the M261 uses all normal M16 controls including locking the bolt carrier group back with the bolt catch on empty. it is not compatible with the "automatic" fire select setting though.
2. Colt Ar-15 .22LR AR-15 Conversion Kit (from the late 70's which is sort of an improvement of the M261 in handier packaging but has a "cheaper" and less durable design to keep costs low. works very well for very specific ammunition.
3. Clones of option 1 (Olympic Arms, Ceiner, Brownell's, Atchisson)
4. Clones of option 2 (CMMG, Stag Arms, S&W M&P 22, et c) with modifications like chamber profiling, brass collars for taper control, modified rails, modified carrier for recoiling mass, modified action spring and spring guide, et c.
5. dedicated rifles that are often uniquely designed but are also just greatly adapted version of option 2, 3, or 4 (example being the S&W M&P-22).
6. clones of the Ruger 10/22 or Marlin Model 60's action (itself a modified Remington Model 552) that is placed in an AR-15 shell. the Mossberg Model 715, although funnier options also exist like the Adler AP. you rarely see Model 24 clones though... Browning mafia strikes again.
generally speaking, you will want to keep with manufacturer recommended ammunition and typically it's either going to be standard velocity (for options 1 and 2) or high velocity (greater than 1100 fps) with options 3 and 4. option 4 has some special cases where you might alter the spring or carrier mass for different ammunition for "tuning" like the CMMG Echo which is designed for compatibility with full-auto lowers vs the Bravo which is not. the Echo is also good if you like hypervelocity ammunition (greater than 1500 fps typically like CCI Stingers).
the bullet mass should usually be 40gr, but this varies. too heavy can have weak ejection or failures to feed, too light can damage components of the conversion kit and lead to cushioning or bounce making failures to ejection or failures to fire more common. biggest problems with conversion kits are over or under lubricated (just like a normal AR-15, light lubrication is ideal, but not in the magazine other than a touch on the follower and spring), magazine issues, ammunition compatibility issues, and sometimes fouling issues especially on the bolt face.
you'll also want to use one or two full power .223 Remington or 5.56mm NATO to clean out the gas system after using .22LR if it's not a dedicated rifle (Mossberg Model 715 for example lacks a gas tube entirely).
how fast bullet fragments are traveling when inside a target, specifically in the case of M193?
not specifically when inside a target, although the rate of deceleration is incident on initial velocity at the point of impact and the nature of the impact (if keyholing or if properly entering, et c). during ideal fragmentation with M193 where velocity at the point of impact is above 2700 fps, deceleration of fragments in calibrated ballistic gelatin seems to reach zero within 10 inches with the exception of the spitzer tip, which if intact seems to reliably travel an addition 2 inches.