In addition to pirate sites and services, the MPA’s submission highlights third-party intermediaries, including hosting providers and domain name registries. These are not the source of any piracy activity but play a crucial role in keeping services afloat, the anti-piracy group argues.
For example, MPA writes that the .CC, .IO, .TV, .RU, SU, .SX, and .TO domain registries continue to provide their services to pirate sites despite repeated notification and outreach.
“A registry—directly or via its contractual relationship with its registrars—can withdraw or disable domain names used by websites engaged in massive copyright infringement,” MPA clarifies.
In the hosting category, DDos-Guard, Private Layer, Squitter, Veesp, and Virtual Systems are mentioned. The Belize company Crypto Servers is added as a newcomer this year, with MPA mentioning that it caters to sites that seek anonymity and takedown resistance.