There's some overlap, but roughly all three are different:
- ASP.NET is basically Microsoft's web application framework. In general anything you need a webpage to do its ecosystem will allow.
- PHP is a scripting language. Often used in APIs or backend tasks, but there's quite a few PHP frameworks these days for full web development
- MySQL is a database management system which uses SQL. You'll want to focus more on the SQL part to start as that's a key language used for relational data queries
Whether or not you need to know all three honestly comes down to job. If you only learned PHP for example you'd still be fine applying for most backend jobs because the overarching skills and knowledge stay the same. Most companies are going to be looking for people who can walk into the role and quickly pick up any missing details vs. finding someone who has full experience in their exact tech stack.
Definitely learn SQL regardless though; database queries are something every backend developer (and fullstack for that matter) will be doing on a daily basis.