John Stuart Mill was probably the first to hint that any gender difference is “social construction”, that
any of the mental differences supposed to exist between women and men are but the natural effect of the differences in their education and circumstances and indicate no radical difference, far less radical inferiority, of nature.
I can’t find the quote now but I
think it was also him who said that because men and women were treated so differently at his time, it was impossible to tell whether the sex differences are due to nature or nurture. Very interestingly he added immediately after, that we would only be able to tell the “nature” of men and women when they aren't treated so differently.
Methinks we are really at that point. Not to say men and women are treated the same in social situations, (which only further to say men and women and
naturally different, despite all improvements in social conditions). But that women and men are given equal opportunities in life, men can be kindergarten teacher and fashion designers, women can be engineers and police etc. The job choices of either sex is still so disparate, and even more so in Nordic countries. Even more women choose to work with kids &education, and even more men are engineers etc etc. JSM in his brilliance was not a retarded Frankfurt neo Marxist, his preposition was very reasonable for his time that you can’t really tell if women’s choices are so limited. But now we know.
And if we look outside jobs etc, the personality differences are even more consistently, there. In the context of big five personality traits, women are in general more neurotic, agreeable, and display more openness in extraversion measurements. Men display more assertiveness in extraversion measurements. The trend is found across cultures. The difference in the west i think is a whooping 1 standard deviation for neuroticism and agreeableness.