Elites are kind of Muslims in appearance, as Brutes are kind of Romans in appearance, and Jackals are just straight up Space Pirates. There’s a lot of fun creative liberties taken, but fundamentally, the Covenant (in its own name!) is Second Temple Judaism, and follow along those lines. A lot of people interpret them as Catholics, but that’s straight retarded: They’re a mix between Rome the Empire and the Jews, they have a few superficial similarities, but their behavior, beliefs, and motivations are Second Temple. This makes sense with the titles of Prophet, Arbiter, and Zealot. People forget or are just ignorant of how chaotic and divided Judaism was in that time period, post-Maccabean revolt where the Pharisitical Elders sided with the Romans to put down the Hasmonean Dynasty.
Another easy home run for biblical parallels is with Captain Keyes! Both Jacob (which is a rabbit hole of a fucking name) and Miranda Keyes are a reference to the “Keys to the Kingdom, to bind and loose on heaven and earth”. Jacob holds the knowledge of Earth from the flood; while Miranda is used by Tartarus in Halo 2 to activate the rings. Not one peep!