During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially for allegedly demonstrating that gender was learned rather than innate. Many years later, however, it was revealed that his most famous case was fundamentally flawed. The subject was the
sex reassignment of
David Reimer (Born as Bruce Reimer), in what later became known as the "John/Joan" case.
[12]
In 1966, a botched
circumcision left eight-month-old David Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby's parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer's best interest. At the age of 22 months, baby Bruce underwent an orchidectomy, in which his testes were surgically removed. He was reassigned to be raised as female and given the name Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment to which the parents agreed, Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful.
David's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to
Milton Diamond, an academic
sexologist who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly.
[13] Soon after, Reimer went public with his story, and
John Colapinto published a widely disseminated and influential account in
Rolling Stone magazine in December 1997.
[14][15]
In 2000, David and his twin brother (Brian) alleged that Dr. Money forced the twins to rehearse sexual acts involving "thrusting movements", with David playing the bottom role.
[16] He said as a child, Money forced him go "down on all fours" with his brother, Brian Reimer, "up behind his butt" with "his crotch against" his "buttocks".
[16] And that Dr. Money forced David, to have his "legs spread" with Brian on top.
[16] Dr. Money also forced the children to take their "clothes off" and engage in "genital inspections".
[16] On at "least one occasion", Dr. Money reportedly took photographs of the two children doing these activities.
[16] Dr. Money's rationale for these various treatments was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play'" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity".
[16]
Reimer had experienced the visits to Baltimore as traumatic, and when Dr. Money started pressuring the family to bring him in for surgery during which a vagina would be constructed, the family discontinued the follow-up visits. From 22 months into his teenaged years, Reimer urinated through a hole that surgeons had placed in the abdomen.
Estrogen was given during adolescence to induce breast development. Having no contact with the family once the visits were discontinued, John Money published nothing further about the case.
For several years, Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of
sex reassignment and
surgical reconstruction even in non-
intersex cases. Money wrote, "The child's behavior is so clearly that of an active little girl and so different from the boyish ways of her twin brother." Notes by a former student at Money's lab state that, during the followup visits, which occurred only once a year, Reimer's parents routinely lied to lab staff about the success of the procedure. The twin brother, Brian, later developed
schizophrenia.
[17]
In 2002, David's twin brother was found dead from an overdose of the drugs used to treat his
schizophrenia. On 5 May 2004, after suffering years of
severe depression, financial instability, and marriage troubles.
[18] Reimer committed suicide. Reimer's parents have stated that Dr. Money's methodology was responsible for the deaths of both of their sons.
[19]
Money claimed that media response to the exposé was due to right-wing
media bias and "the antifeminist movement." He claimed his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen."
[20] However, intersex activists also criticized Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy.
[21] Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it.
[22] Money's own views also developed and changed over the years.
[1][23]
