You guys are such fucking doomers. Of course you can wind back the clock. The Hongwu Emperor did it!
After Kublai Khan conquered China, he set up the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted for about 100 years ( 1271 - 1368 ). There was an era of rapid scientific and technological advancement. They discovered polynomial math and trigonometry; movable-type printing proliferated. The Mongols imported foreigners from West and Central Asia into every major city in China, where they served as a class of bureaucrats, who were loyal to the Yuan because they had no ties to the Han Chinese. Many of the new bureaucrats were Muslims and became a multiethnic group called the
Hui. Seeing things here?
After about 1330 things went to shit. First there were famines, droughts, and floods, then the Black Death reached China. In Hebei province, 90% of the population died of the Plague. A civil war broke out between competing Mongol nobles. The imperial government gradually ceased to function, and the civil war became a decades-long clusterfuck of competing factions.
How shit did it get? It's hard to say because imperial records become spotty around this time. Modern estimates put China's population at about 120 million in 1351, and 81 million in 1400. Proportionally, it would be the equivalent of modern US losing 100M people.
Into this void of shit stepped a random peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang. He rose steadily to become the leader of the Han uprising against the Yuan, and eventually kicked them out into modern-day Manchuria. In 1368 he captured the Yuan capital of Khanbaliq, renamed it Beijing, and established the Ming dynasty, with himself as the Hongwu Emperor. This was all at the same time as 1/3 of the Chinese population was dying and probably another 1/3 was engaged in various interprovincial civil wars.
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Yuanzhang crowned himself Emperor of a world that had gone through the apocalypse. After the things he had lived through in his 40-odd years, he made a series of vast and sweeping reforms:
- Forcibly relocated 500,000 Han into North China to replace those who had died of war and the Plague.
- Replaced every Mongol and Hui bureaucrat with a Han Chinese; then abolished the Imperial Chancellor (equivalent to the Prime Minister), and gave himself absolute authority.
- Executed his opponents and their families, about 100,000 in total.
- Organized the entire population into li, groups of 110 households, who were expected to run themselves and elect their own leaders.
- Established a system of internal passports, or luyin, and banned domestic migration between li without imperial permission.
- Granted the right for all citizens to send "idle men" or corrupt officials to Beijing for trial.
- Redistributed land from landlords to young farmers, and then forbade the farmers from leaving their land.
- Gave every household a hereditary classification (e.g. military, civilian, craftsman, salt miner), mandating the occupation the household and its descendants had to work in.
- Forbade the Mongol hairstyle of shaved head, on penalty of castration for both barber and customer and their respective sons.
- Encouraged agriculture, the rebuilding of canals and the planting of forests. He wrote essays about the destructive nature of merchants, which were posted in every village.
- Established the "sea ban", forbidding all foreign trade and destroying ships and dockyards, except those under direct imperial control.
In short, Yuanzhang took the interconnected, bureaucratic, and mercantile structure of the pre-collapse Yuan, and forcibly split it apart into a series of self-sufficient agricultural communities, cut off from both each other and the world overseas - and from starvation and disease, but also deprived of the wealth and education required to scheme against the Emperor. He enforced a rigid social hierarchy in which the options were moral rectitude or death. The Hongwu Emperor didn't conserve anything, and he didn't re-establish a traditional form of society either. The agrarian, isolationist, forcibly ignorant China he left his successors was a new type altogether, shaped by his and China's experiences of famine, war and plague. What would you call him, if neither a reactionary, nor conservative, nor traditionalist?