In "The Dialectic of Sex" by Shulamuth Firestone, she describes her feminist take on Freud's Oedipus Complex. Don't get me wrong, some of this book is batshit, especially some of her takes on race and her belief that men are literally incapable of love. But this Oedipus Complex thing makes a lot of sense to me.
In a Victorian-era secular Western family, the typical ideal was a father who works and rarely sees the kids, and a mother who stays at home with the kids. (And if you're rich, has nannies. If you're poor, mom often works with the kids, like taking in laundry, or baby farming, or having her daughters help with maid work etc. The point is, Dad isn't with the kids.)
Domestic violence was common and expected. Encouraged, even. This completely acceptable violence was primarily husband against wife, husband against children, and sometimes mothers against children. Victorian fathers didn't really do things with their kids the way dads a few decades later would. Children were property, and their rearing was the responsibility of the mother. Obviously there were outliers, but Victorian dads didn't like, play catch with their sons, or take much interest in them until they were old enough to start learning about work (which tbf for working class boys was very young.)
Say you're a typical Victorian child.
When you're born, you don't know anything about the world except your mother. You were literally a physical part of her. You get nourishment from her body. Your mother is your whole world.
Sometimes, a man comes around and beats up your mother. If you're lucky, maybe this strange man holds you now and then, but mostly, besides the theorized instinctive father-smell, you have no idea who this guy is.
You get old enough to understand this strange man is your father. You fear him, but you also want his love and approval, and you're told you have to respect him. But he beats your mother, who is still your whole world. He beats your siblings, who you also love. He might even beat you, even though you're only a toddler, because this is Victorian times.
Now you're old enough to understand that your mother is a separate person from you. Let's say you're four or five. You have learned gender roles a long time ago, and if you're a boy, you have learned that boys protect girls. But in your house, you, a boy, are powerless to protect your mother and sisters from your father. If you're lucky you have older brothers that can do that. Or maybe you'll be the older brother that carries the guilt for the rest of his life.
But you still love your father and want his approval.
Soon, maybe five or six or seven, it really sinks in that since you are a boy, you will one day become a man. If you're working class, soon you'll be apprenticed or working a man's job.
One day you will marry a woman. You will become a father. The only option ever modeled for you is to become the monster who beats up the most important person in your life. The monster you barley have a relationship with except to be disciplined by.
According to Firestone, this was a brain-breaking revelation. What Freud called an Oedipus Complex-- a desire to kill the father and fuck the mother-- Firestone says is more about *protecting* the mother. A boy has dreams about killing his father because he doesn't want to become the type of man his father is. He wants to protect his mother, but his father is the only man he is not allowed to stand up against.
There's typical routes that boys take after this:
- drink the flavor aid and turn into their dad and become a woman beater
- try really hard not to be a woman beater, maybe stand up to the dad. Maybe end up as a decent husband, but probably valorize the Sainted Mother Victim, end up treating your wife and kids weird in a different way. (Oedipus Complex, high functioning, not involving sexual desire for mom)
- for younger sons, become a Mama's Boy because you had the luxury of not sharing her attention with younger siblings, be a total failure to launch. (Oedipal Complex, low functioning)
- avoid marriage altogether and be a bachelor playboy. Sounds valid to modern people, but would cause your family a lot of distress back then. Also, feel constantly lonely and unloveable and never understand why.
- any of the above except you're also gay so shit's even more complicated
- become some other total waste of life, like a serial killer or something. (Oedipal Complex, desire to kill and desire for sex all jumbled up)
Things have changed since Victorian times, and even when Firestone was writing (the 70s, I think?) You can see the reverberations from this through the generations, and you can see society, even religious families, moving away from this, to today's ideal father being not just someone who does not use violence, but who expresses love and enjoyment of his children. (I think the world wars and the subsequent peace movements had a lot to do with this personally, so it's one thing to thank boomers for.)
But for very, very hardline patriarchal Christian groups, they're still living the same ideal. Except with waaaaay more children-- Victorian families would have tried to space out children for resource management, at least.