0. Choose gun at gun store, or buy firearm online that can only be delivered to your local firearms dealer, usually at a gun store.
0a. What, did you think you can just buy a gun online and get it delivered? lol.
1. Fill out form 4473 & show proper ID.
2. Have the licensed dealer fax it in/email it in to the state.
2a. If it's a pistol, enjoy waiting for the feds to clear you as well.
3. Twiddle your thumbs and wait while big brother makes sure you're a responsible citizen. Usually takes anywhere from 20 minutes to three-four hours. Depends on how complex your case is, and how much processing is going on through the background check system at the time, and how slammed they are.
3a. If you answered anything wrong knowingly on the form, congratulations on your federal crime. Prepare your anus. Reminder - possession of a medical MJ card - even if legal in your state - is not legal from the fed's point of view. MJ cards auto-magically make you a prohibited possessor. Do not pass go, do not collect $200.
3b. Pray nobody with your name has committed any wrongdoing recently, because shit WILL get flagged, and then it's at least a three day turnaround - if you're lucky.
4. When the call comes back (yes, the background check people will call the dealer you're buying the gun from), and verbally confirm the case number, your name, and sometimes your social, you will then sign off on the transfer paperwork and receive gun.
5. Walk out.
6. The paperwork you filled out does not get put into a trashcan. The dealer places it into their permanent file.
7. The dealer will also make a record in his bound book of the serial number of the gun you bought, the case file of the background check, and your name.
8. The dealer can be audited at any time by the ATF.
8A. By any time, I do mean, any time, if the agency are feeling like being dickish that day.
9. The record is never expunged.
10. When dealer eventually gets bored, retires, or otherwise decides that his kids college tuition has been paid off, or he's tired of dealing with federal audits every few years, they will pack up their paperwork and send it off directly to the ATF.
Before anybody starts screaming about gun show loopholes - there is no loophole. You may go to a gun show - and there might happen to be somebody there in a private capacity selling a firearm. In which case, hand over cash, receive gun. However, there aren't that many of those people there because dealers making "off the book sales" will get fucked in the ass by the ATF, and EVERYBODY who is setting up a booth to flog guns is a dealer. Once in a blue moon you'll find some redneck selling grandpappy's bolt action from the war at the show, and you'll chat him up, and if he thinks you're a trustworthy person, he might decide to sell you the gun. Usually he won't, because a) the dealer will give him a better price b) you ain't his pappy c) people selling guns tend to be paranoid motherfuckers. This is exceedingly rare, and most gun shows will force ALL transactions to go through a dealer intermediary these days, which means return to step 0 above and do the dance, little butterfly.