“...And now I must be about my work.”
–Closing line of President Huey Long’s inaugural address
It is the September of 1935, and the State of Louisiana is tottering on the brink of crisis. The wealthy elite of the impoverished state, seethe at the reforms pressed upon them by Senator Huey Long and his dictatorial control of the state. Across America, Long is a rising star. A champion of the poor with an ambitious program for reform, and continually oppositional to the monied classes of the United States, Long has attracted powerful enemies. Even the President himself, Franklin Roosevelt, can be counted among that throng.
Already, open insurrection has risen against Long and his allies in the Louisiana government. The Square Deal Association brazenly seized control of a Parish courthouse in January, and State Congressmen have been caught plotting his assassination. This has not stopped Long however. Flanked by his “Cossacks,” his private bodyguards, the Kingfish continued to visit Baton Rouge where his puppet governor Oscar K. Allen ruled in his stead.
On the 8th, a special session of the Louisiana Congress is held. Among the items on the agenda is the removal of one of Long’s political opponents, Judge Benjamin Pavy, via gerrymandering. After the bill passes, late into the evening, Long exits the Capitol. Waiting for him is Carl Weiss, Pavy’s son in law. Weiss draws a revolver, points, and shoots a single shot. Long is struck in the side before he flees the scene. His Cossacks gun down Weiss, hitting him with more than sixty shots.
Long is taken to Our Lady of the Lake Hospital. Thankfully for Long, construction on the highways into Baton Rouge has been delayed by unfortunate circumstances and the state’s best surgeons make it to the hospital in time to save the Senator. [1] Across Louisiana — and the whole of America — there is jubilation and a gnashing of teeth.
But nowhere is there greater anger than in the White House. President Franklin Roosevelt, collaborating with a number of Wall Street tycoons, had orchestrated the attempted assassination of Long. [2] Investigations over the winter of 1935-36 would uncover this fact, leading to the greatest scandal yet seen in American politics. Long, greatly shocked, would nevertheless capitalize on this event. Even as Roosevelt was removed from office and John Garner became President, Long held rallies proclaiming that he would not stop fighting until all the crooks were ousted.
The Democratic National Convention in 1936 would prove to be a true spectacle. Garner, who had emerged from the shadow of Roosevelt unstained due to his aggressive support for the prosecution of those behind the conspiracy to assassinate Long, would be the frontrunner for the Democratic establishment. Long, however, was undeterred. By hook and crook Long became the Democratic nominee for President, with Burton K. Wheeler, a compromise candidate, serving as his VP.
Long’s nomination provoked a mass-revolt among the more conservative elements of the Democratic Party. Forming a new party, the “Liberty Party,” they would rally behind President Garner. The Republican Party briefly tried to form a coalition with the Liberty Party, however said plans initially collapsed as both parties underestimated the American people’s support for Long.
The elections of 1936 were tense. Although far and away better than 1860, or the subsequent 1940 election, they were noticeably chaotic. Violence was surprisingly common, especially in the midwest and the south, but the results trickled in nevertheless and the turnout was higher than it had been in decades. Long had won, with 45.4% of the vote and 294 electoral votes. Far from a true mandate to govern, but the Democratic Party retained control of Congress and that would be enough for Long.
Upon assuming office, Long’s claim he could “frighten or buy ninety-nine out of every one hundred men” proved accurate almost to the man. Within his first month in office, Congress would pass four dozen laws that upended the political status quo. Some of the most prominent were the “Banking Reform Act,” first of those passed, which nationalized all banks within the United States and placed them under public administration; the “Education Funds Act” levied special taxes on the major corporations to expand the schooling system, and the “Justice Act” which instituted psychological evaluations to criminals with the hopes of decreasing crime.
President Long’s policies saw much pushback, which only prompted Long to dynamite his opposition. Filibustering in the Senate, commonly used against Long, was abolished. Dissent in the Democratic Party was countered by intimidation and bribery. When the Supreme Court struck down the Banking Reform Act, Long simply ignored them, enforcing the Act regardless. And to keep any further meddling by the Court, Long would successfully oversee the passing of a law which packed the Supreme Court with loyal judges. In response to Long’s actions with the Supreme Court, he would be impeached but ultimately was easily able to keep his office.
Opposition to Long increasingly became ineffectual within the Federal government as offices were filled with loyalists, and the Longist political machine quickly imitated its Louisiana policies on the national level. But outside of the government, opposition to Long swelled rapidly. The Ku Klux Klan, which had been on a dramatic decline, suddenly saw membership expand as anti-Longists joined in droves. In the midwest, the Black Legion terror organization also grew rapidly while the less violent protest organization, the newly-founded American Protection Society, absorbed the less radical anti-Longists. Other militant organizations also grew during this time, with the socialist “Anti-Fascist League” and the fascist Silver Legion gaining tens of thousands of members.
The most troublesome opposition to Long however came not in the form of civilian groups, or terror organizations, but in the various governments of the individual states. Shortly after the passing of the Banking Reform Act, the “Pacific States Committee,” consisting of the Governors of Oregon, California, Nevada, and Montana, would proclaim their refusal to cooperate with Long’s policies. A similar group, the Constitutional Governance Committee, would declare their opposition in the American south, albeit largely over Long’s policies being applied equally between white and black populations.
On the foreign front, Long’s government was less controversial. Long seriously strengthened the Neutrality Acts, which prevented guns from being sold to China when the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. The strengthening of the Neutrality Acts also dramatically decreased the sale of weapons to foreign nations, which hindered rearmament programs in England and France.
By 1938, Long had successfully rammed through much of his planned Share the Wealth program. However, with opposition from the governments of the individual states or the growing opposition groups – now numbering around three million – Long’s policies broadly failed to be put into practice. To counter this, Long began to exercise his authority under the Insurrection Act to enforce his policies, a decision which only led to protests and violence across much of the United States. This policy succeeded largely through the extremely high popular support Long possessed among the poor, farmer, and labor classes.
On May 14th, the Black Legion seized control of the town of Highland Park in Michigan, lynching the pro-Long mayor. Under direction of Long, the army would suppress the event and begin to assault the Black Legion in Michigan. In response, the Legion rose up en masse across the Midwest, carrying out a serious bombing campaign. This period, the Black Summer, was effectively a small civil war as towns were occupied by Legion troops, and bombing campaigns killed an estimated three thousand people. Further protests by other organizations only pushed the government further, and the crisis seemed almost on the verge of spiraling outwards into an open conflict with the Mutiny of the 126th Infantry Regiment against Federal authorities on June 14th.
The situation remained critical for the rest of June. On July 4th, Long would give a speech to a massive crowd of supporters. For all his faults and the ongoing instability, Long remained as popular as ever with the lower classes of America. Mass-outrage leaned against the upper classes who were blamed for the ongoing violence. Nevertheless, this did not prevent Anti-Fascist League member Ferro Mazzanti from shooting Long during the rally. Unlike the attempt less than two years prior, Mazzanti struck Long in the head, sending pieces of brain, bone, and viscera across the stage.
Burton Wheeler, unexpectedly, ascended to the Presidency. The second Vice-President in two years to do so. Wheeler, despite his status as a member of the progressive block of the pre-split Democratic party, was not a diehard Longist. As such Wheeler would almost immediately negotiate with the opposition Governors, coming to terms. Politically unable to repeal the Longist laws, especially in the aftermath of Long’s death, Wheeler agreed instead to simply stop trying to enforce the laws in their states. Along with a few other concessions, this successfully brought enough of the states into line that the hammer of the Wheeler government could come down on the Black Legion.
Wheeler would successfully bring some sense of stability to the United States. Far more politically moderate and unwilling to do the same level of political bullying as Long, Wheeler was a comparative breath of fresh air for anti-Longist groups. For Longists, however, Wheeler’s more moderate approach was seen as a stab-in-the-back. The Share Our Wealth society would isolate itself from Wheeler. While they would remain nominally loyal to the Democratic Party for the moment, the SOW and the newly emerging “Defense of the People Committees,” which would serve as the armed branch of the SOW, would grow increasingly oppositional to Wheeler and his compromising message. Regardless of the calls from his erstwhile supporters, Wheeler’s comparative moderatism solidified the Democratic Party’s support in the 1938 midterm elections.
Despite Wheeler bringing about comparative stability, this did not mean the United States was close to healed. The Black Legion remained at large, with Legion terror tactics killing several dozen through the rest of 1938 and in 1939. The Klan, dramatically revitalized, became the de facto armed wing of the Liberty Party, with armed Klansmen “guarding” polling centers in several southern states, and even making open, armed rallies in front of and inside the State Capitol of Georgia. Across the Great Plains, the fascistic Silver Legion and their political wing, the Christian Party, saw dramatic gains. In Oklahoma, the eccentric former governor William H. Murray would be elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives on a “fusion” Liberty-Christian ticket which gave the Silver Legion their first representation in any body of American government.
Leftist opposition, while still scattered and confused, had emerged for the first time as a significant force and was not disrupted by Long’s death. The Anti-Fascist League, the first significant militant leftist group in the United States, would come under heavy fire from the FBI; J. Edgar Hoover was restored to his position as FBI chief and given even more resources to attack the League. This anti-Leftist program, given energy by the assassination of Long, would quickly spiral into general prosecution of Socialist, Communist, and Anarchists in the United States. A prosecution campaign that would spiral out of control quickly with Hoover being directed to attack political opponents of Wheeler as well.
Within a year, a strange quiet would begin to settle across the United States. Half of the nation was effectively independent. The expanded FBI launched attacks not just on the radical political groups, who remained a virulent and destructive threat, but openly on opposition politicians to the Democratic Party. Even as order slowly began to return to the streets, American liberty was seemingly withering on the vine. All the while the American people still struggled with mass poverty, unemployment, and want.
Shortly before the outbreak of what would become known as the Second World War, Winston Churchill would remark before the British Parliament “...we have seen the loss of two great nations to the twin evils of terror and oppression. It is my greatest fear that the shadow of those two spectres now stalks the halls of Washington today and we can no longer count on the aid of that giant across the Atlantic in the upcoming war…”
[1] Our POD. IOTL they were delayed by highway work. The surgeons also probably bungled his surgery, and he probably could have been saved IOTL without said bungling.
[2] Some conspiracy-minded individuals believe in this IOTL. It is probably not true however.